To prove whether phase formation in an electrochemically deposited metal indeed passes a liquid state stage, experiments involving application of an external force during electrodeposition were carried out and structural features of deposit were subsequently determined. Following experimental facts in support of the phenomenon in point were observed: (1) occurrence of anisotropic pattern of electrodeposits of metals being electrodeposited, smoothing out of deposits surface morphology and reduction in their surface roughness arising from exposure to a minor external force parallel to the crystallization front; (2) refinement of intracrystalline structure and of surface morphology of metals being electrodeposited under exposure to a minor external force normal to the crystallization front; (3) dislocation density rise in metals being electrodeposited under exposure of a minor external force normal to the crystallization front; (4) surface layers plastic deformation in metals being electrodeposited by solid particles travelling due to action of minor external force inclined to the crystallization front; and (5) occurrence of indents from solid particles representing the particles' shape and morphology at sites of the particles' separation from deposit surface in metals being electrodeposited under exposure to minor external force inclined to the crystallization front.
Published in |
Advances in Materials (Volume 4, Issue 3-1)
This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrodeposited Materials: Phase Formation, Structure and Properties |
DOI | 10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.11 |
Page(s) | 1-14 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Structure, Surface Morphology, Dislocation Density, Electrodeposited Metal, Liquid State, External Force
[1] | H. Brandes und M. Volmer, “Zur theorie des kristallwachstums,” Z. Phys. Chem., bd. 155 (6), ss. 466–470, 1931. |
[2] | I. N. Stranskii and R. Kaishev, “To the theory of crystal growth and crystal nuclei formation,” Physics-Uspekhi, vol. 21 (4), pp. 408–465, 1939 (In Russian). |
[3] | K. M. Gorbunova and P. D. Dankov, “Elementary processes of electrocrystallization”, Dokl. Akad. Nauk, vol. 48 (1), pp. 15–18, 1945 (In Russian). |
[4] | K. M. Gorbunova and P. D. Dankov, “Crystal-chemical theory of real growth of crystals during electrolysis,” Usp. Khim., vol. 17 (6), pp. 710–732, 1948 (In Russian). |
[5] | W. Lorenz, “Zur theorie des elektrolytischen kristallwachstums,” Z. Phys. Chem., bd. 202 (3-4), ss. 275–291, 1953. |
[6] | D. A. Vermilyea, “On the theory of electrolytic crystal growth,” J. Chem. Phys., vol. 25 (6), pp. 1254–1263, 1956. |
[7] | H. Gerischer, “Zum mechanismus der elektrolytischen abscheidung und auflosung fester metalle,“ Z. Phys. Chem., bd. 62 (3), ss. 256–264, 1958. |
[8] | W. Mehl and J. O’M. Bockris, “On the mechanism of electrolytic deposition and dissolution of silver,” Can. J. Chem., vol. 37 (2), pp. 190–204, 1959. |
[9] | A. Milchev, Electrocrystallization. Fundamentals of Nucleation and Growth. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002, 265 p. |
[10] | M. Paunovic and M. Schlesinger, Fundamentals of Electrochemical Deposition. Hoboken: WILEY-INTERSCIENCE, 2006, 375 p. |
[11] | E. Budevski, G. Staikov, and W. J. Lorenz, Electrochemical Phase Formation and Growth. Weinheim: WILEY-VCH, 2008, 408 p. |
[12] | Yu. D. Gamburg and G. Zangari, Theory and Practice of Metal Electrodeposition. New York: Springer Science, 2011, 378 p. |
[13] | O. B. Girin and G. M. Vorob’ev, “Change of diffraction of X-rays dissipated by metals during their electrolytic deposition,” J. Phys. Chem., vol. 62 (5), pp. 1347–1349, 1988 (In Russian). |
[14] | O. B. Girin, “Substructure formation and texture in electrodeposits,” J. Electron. Mater., vol. 24 (8), pp. 947–953, 1995. |
[15] | O. B. Girin, “Phenomenon of precipitation of metal being electrodeposited, occurring via formation of an undercooled liquid metal phase and its subsequent solidification. Part 1. Experimental detection and theoretical grounding,” in Materials Development and Processing, vol. 8, J. V. Wood, L. Schultz, and D. M. Herlach, Eds. Weinheim: WILEY-VCH, 2000, pp. 183–188. doi: 10.1002/3527607277.ch30 |
[16] | O. B. Girin, “Phenomenon of precipitation of metal being electrodeposited, occurring via formation of an undercooled liquid metal phase and its subsequent solidification. Part 2. Experimental verification,” in Materials Development and Processing, vol. 8, J. V. Wood, L. Schultz, and D. M. Herlach, Eds. Weinheim: WILEY-VCH, 2000, pp. 189–194. doi: 10.1002/3527607277.ch31 |
[17] | O. B. Girin, “Change of density and surface morphology of metals being electrodeposited under the action of a centrifugal force,” The Adv. Sci. J., issue 3, pp. 11–16, 2011. |
[18] | O. B. Girin, “Phase formation through a stage of liquid state in metallic materials being electrodeposited: recent experimental proofs,” Int. J. Mater. Sci., vol. 2 (4), pp. 108–118, 2012. |
[19] | O. B. Girin, “Formation of the deposits of metals being electrodeposited under the influence of a centrifugal force,” The Adv. Sci. J., issue 4, pp. 51–58, 2011. |
[20] | O. B. Girin, “Crystallographic texture formation in metals being electrodeposited at the external force influence,” Amer. J. Mater. Sci., vol. 4 (3), pp. 150–158, 2014. doi: 10.5923/j.materials.20140403.06 |
[21] | O. B. Girin, “Phenomenon of structure formation of metals being electrodeposited via a super-cooled metal liquid, and its use for the development of advanced technologies of depositing new types of protective composite coats on canned food steel sheet,” in Proc. of the 5th Int. Sci. Forum AFES. Paris: Int. Acad. of Engn, 2004, pp. 142–147. |
[22] | O. B. Girin, “Phase transformations in the metallic materials being electrodeposited and their application for the development of advanced technologies for anticorrosive protection of canned-food steel sheet,” Mater. Sci. Forum., vol. 561-565, pp. 2369–2372, 2007. |
[23] | O. B. Girin, “Structure formation of metals being electrodeposited through a metal liquid as a tool for surface quality upgrading of canned food steel sheet,” in Proc. of the 6th Int. Sci. Forum AFES. Hong Kong: Int. Acad. of Engn, 2005, pp. 101–103. |
[24] | O. B. Girin, “Phase and structure formation of metallic materials electrodeposited via a liquid state stage: new experimental proof,” Defect Diffus. Forum, vol. 303-304, pp. 99–105, 2010. |
[25] | O. B. Girin, “Phase transformations in the metallic materials being electrodeposited,” in Proc. of the 7th Int. Sci. Forum AFES “DAVOS FORUM”. Davos: Int. Acad. of Engn, 2006, pp. 76–81. |
[26] | O. B. Girin, “Structure features of metals obtained by electrochemical deposition and by solidification from liquid state in saturated hydrogen environment,” Chem. Mater. Eng., vol. 2 (5), pp. 119–126, 2014. doi: 10.13189/cme.2014.020503 |
[27] | A. N. Smirnov, S. L. Makulov, V. M. Safonov, and A. Yu. Tsuprun, A Large Ingot. Donetsk: Donetsk National Technical University, 2009, 278 p. (In Russian). |
[28] | O. B. Girin and I. D. Zakharov, “Increase of density of metals being electrodeposited under the influence of a centrifugal force,” Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, issue 5/5, pp. 4–7, 2011 (In Russian). |
[29] | A. M. Yampol’skii and V. A. Il’in, Brief Electroplater’s Handbook. Leningrad: Engineer, 1981, 269 p. (In Russian). |
[30] | A. I. Batyshev, Crystallization of Metals and Alloys Under Pressure, 2nd ed. Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1990, 144 p. (In Russian). |
[31] | V. A. Yefimov and A. S. Eldarkhanov, Physical Methods of Influence on the Processes of Solidification of Alloys. Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1995, 272 p. (In Russian). |
[32] | A. N. Smirnov, V. L. Pilyushenko, S. V. Momot, and V. N. Amitan, Solidification of the Molten Metal Under External Actions. Donetsk: VIK, 2002, 169 p. (In Russian). |
[33] | O. B. Girin, “Substructure anisotropy in electrodeposited metals,” Izv. AN SSSR Met., issue 5, pp. 122–123, 1988 (In Russian). |
[34] | O. B. Girin, “Texture and anisotropy of substructure in electrodeposited nickel,” Izv. AN SSSR Met., issue 5, pp. 113–119, 1990 (In Russian). |
[35] | O. B. Girin, Yu. O. Proshenko, and E. P. Kalinushkin, “Texture of electrodeposited copper coatings as related to their substructure, granular structure and surface morphology,” Texture Microstruct., vol. 34 (2-3), pp. 171–179, 2000. |
[36] | O. B. Girin, “A method for X-ray diffractometry analysis of polycrystalline materials having an axial texture,” The Patent of Russia 1,509,697, Sept. 23, 1989 (In Russian). |
[37] | T. Liu, Z. C. Guo, Z. Wang, and M. Y. Wang, “Structure and corrosion resistance of nickel foils deposited in a vertical gravity field,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 256, pp. 6634–6640, 2010. |
[38] | T. Liu, Z. C. Guo, Z. Wang, and M. Y. Wang, “Effect of gravity on the electrodeposition and characterization of nickel foils,” Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., vol. 18 (1), pp. 59–65, 2011. |
[39] | V. S. Zolotorevskii, Mechanical Properties of Metals, 2nd ed. Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1983, 352 p. (In Russian). |
[40] | M. Bauccio, Ed., ASM Metals Reference Book, 3rd ed. Materials Park: ASM International, 1997, 614 p. |
[41] | J. J. Frawley, W. F. Moore, and A. J. Kiesler, “Solidification under the application of pressure greater than atmospheric,” AFS Int. Cast Metals J., vol. 5 (3), pp. 31–39, 1980. |
[42] | T. N. Lipchin, “Changes in the structure and properties of the alloys at the influence of pressure on the melt,” Foundry Manuf., issue 7, pp. 9–10, 1985 (In Russian). |
[43] | I. I. Novikov, Defects in the Crystal Structure of Metals, 2nd ed. Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1975, 208 p. (In Russian). |
[44] | O. B. Girin and G. M. Vorob’ev, “Qualitative and quantitative assessment of substructure anisotropy in various components of texture in metallic materials,” Factory Labor., vol. 49 (9), pp.55–56, 1983 (In Russian). |
[45] | O. B. Girin and G. M. Vorob’ev, “An X-ray method to characterize substructure anisotropy in textured materials and in various components of their texture,” Apparatus and Methods of X-ray Analysis, issue 34, pp. 49–54, 1985 (In Russian). |
[46] | O. B. Girin, “Nonconventional X-ray diffraction techniques for coating characterization,” in Solidification 1998, S. P. Marsh, J. A. Dantzig, and R. Trivedi, Eds. Warrendale: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 1998, pp. 161–169. |
[47] | O. B. Girin and I. M. Kuzyayev, “Experimental verification and modeling of the process of the increase of density of metals being electrodeposited at force influence,” Phys. Metal. and Heat Treat. of Metals, issue 4, pp. 12–20, 2014 (In Russian). |
[48] | I. M. Kuzyayev and O. B. Girin, “Modeling of the process of wave-like flow of surface layers of metal being electrodeposited at external force influence,” Phys. Metal. and Heat Treat. of Metals, issue 1, pp. 27–35, 2015 (In Russian). |
APA Style
Oleg B. Girin. (2015). Features of Structure of Electrodeposited Metals Resulting from Exposure to External Force Parallel, Normal or Inclined to the Crystallization Front. Advances in Materials, 4(3-1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.11
ACS Style
Oleg B. Girin. Features of Structure of Electrodeposited Metals Resulting from Exposure to External Force Parallel, Normal or Inclined to the Crystallization Front. Adv. Mater. 2015, 4(3-1), 1-14. doi: 10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.11
AMA Style
Oleg B. Girin. Features of Structure of Electrodeposited Metals Resulting from Exposure to External Force Parallel, Normal or Inclined to the Crystallization Front. Adv Mater. 2015;4(3-1):1-14. doi: 10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.11
@article{10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.11, author = {Oleg B. Girin}, title = {Features of Structure of Electrodeposited Metals Resulting from Exposure to External Force Parallel, Normal or Inclined to the Crystallization Front}, journal = {Advances in Materials}, volume = {4}, number = {3-1}, pages = {1-14}, doi = {10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.11}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.11}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.am.s.2015040301.11}, abstract = {To prove whether phase formation in an electrochemically deposited metal indeed passes a liquid state stage, experiments involving application of an external force during electrodeposition were carried out and structural features of deposit were subsequently determined. Following experimental facts in support of the phenomenon in point were observed: (1) occurrence of anisotropic pattern of electrodeposits of metals being electrodeposited, smoothing out of deposits surface morphology and reduction in their surface roughness arising from exposure to a minor external force parallel to the crystallization front; (2) refinement of intracrystalline structure and of surface morphology of metals being electrodeposited under exposure to a minor external force normal to the crystallization front; (3) dislocation density rise in metals being electrodeposited under exposure of a minor external force normal to the crystallization front; (4) surface layers plastic deformation in metals being electrodeposited by solid particles travelling due to action of minor external force inclined to the crystallization front; and (5) occurrence of indents from solid particles representing the particles' shape and morphology at sites of the particles' separation from deposit surface in metals being electrodeposited under exposure to minor external force inclined to the crystallization front.}, year = {2015} }
TY - JOUR T1 - Features of Structure of Electrodeposited Metals Resulting from Exposure to External Force Parallel, Normal or Inclined to the Crystallization Front AU - Oleg B. Girin Y1 - 2015/06/18 PY - 2015 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.11 DO - 10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.11 T2 - Advances in Materials JF - Advances in Materials JO - Advances in Materials SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2327-252X UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.11 AB - To prove whether phase formation in an electrochemically deposited metal indeed passes a liquid state stage, experiments involving application of an external force during electrodeposition were carried out and structural features of deposit were subsequently determined. Following experimental facts in support of the phenomenon in point were observed: (1) occurrence of anisotropic pattern of electrodeposits of metals being electrodeposited, smoothing out of deposits surface morphology and reduction in their surface roughness arising from exposure to a minor external force parallel to the crystallization front; (2) refinement of intracrystalline structure and of surface morphology of metals being electrodeposited under exposure to a minor external force normal to the crystallization front; (3) dislocation density rise in metals being electrodeposited under exposure of a minor external force normal to the crystallization front; (4) surface layers plastic deformation in metals being electrodeposited by solid particles travelling due to action of minor external force inclined to the crystallization front; and (5) occurrence of indents from solid particles representing the particles' shape and morphology at sites of the particles' separation from deposit surface in metals being electrodeposited under exposure to minor external force inclined to the crystallization front. VL - 4 IS - 3-1 ER -